constexpr

With C++20, constexpr became way more powerful. Additionally, we have  consteval functions in C++20 that are quite similar to constexpr functions.

Today, I continue my story about programming at compile time. After template metaprogramming, the type-traits library, today's topic is constexpr functions in particular.

Probably the most viral keyword in modern C++ is constexpr. With C++20, we have a constexpr std::vector and a constexpr std::string. Additionally, both containers can be manipulated with the constexpr algorithms of the Standard Template Library. 

Today, I complete my tour through the C++20 core language features with a few small improvements. One interesting of these minor improvements is that most of volatile has been deprecated.

My last post C++20: The Big Four started with an overview of concepts, ranges, coroutines, and modules. Of course, C++20 has more to offer. Today, let's continue my overview of the core language.

My mini-series about programming at compile time started with template metaprogramming, continued with the type-traits library, and ended today with constant expressions (constexpr).

A key to purely functional languages is that their data are immutable. Therefore, assignments such as x= x+1 or ++x are not possible in the purely functional language Haskell. The consequence is that Haskell supports no loops like for, while, or until. They are based on the modification of a loop variable. Haskell does not modify existing data; Haskell creates new data when needed and reuses the old ones.

constexpr functions are functions that can be executed at compile time. Sounds not so thrilling. But it is. Trust me. You can perform with constexpr functions a lot of calculations at compile time. Therefore, the calculation result is at runtime as a constant in ROM available. In addition, constexpr functions are implicitly inline.

If you declare a variable as constexpr the compiler will evaluate them at compile time. This holds not only true for built-in types but also for instantiations of user-defined types. There are a few serious restrictions for objects to evaluate at compile time.

You can define with the keyword constexpr an expression that can be evaluated at compile time. constexpr can be used for variables, functions, and user-defined types. An expression that is evaluated at compile time has a lot of advantages. For example, constexpr variables and instances of user-defined types are automatically thread-safe and can be stored in ROM; constexpr functions evaluated at compile-time are done with their work at run time.