C++ Core Guidelines: Definition of Concepts, the Second

Let me continue with the rules for defining concepts in the guidelines. The first of the three remaining rules in this post is quite sophisticated.

Here are the rules for today:

The explanation of the first rules is relatively concise. Maybe, too concise.

T.24: Use tag classes or traits to differentiate concepts that differ only in semantics

This is the reason for this rule from the guidelines: “Two concepts requiring the same syntax but having different semantics leads to ambiguity unless the programmer differentiates them.”

Let’s assume; I defined the is_contiguous trait. In this case, I can use it to distinguish a random access iterator RA_iter from a contiguous iterator Contiguous_iter.

template<typename I>    // iterator providing random access
concept bool RA_iter = ...;

template<typename I>    // iterator providing random access to contiguous data
concept bool Contiguous_iter =
    RA_iter<I> && is_contiguous<I>::value;  // using is_contiguous trait

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I can even use a tag class such as is_contiguous into a concept. Now, I have a more straightforward expression of my idea of contiguous iterator Contiguous_iter.

template<typename I> concept Contiguous = is_contiguous<I>::value;

template<typename I>
concept bool Contiguous_iter = RA_iter<I> && Contiguous<I>;

Okay, let me explain two key terms: traits and tag dispatching.

Traits

Traits are class templates that extract properties from a generic type.

The following program presents a type that satisfies the specific trait for each of the 14 primary type categories of the type-traits library. The primary type categories are complete and don’t overlap. So each type is a member of a type category. If you check a type category for your type, the request is independent of the const or volatile qualifiers.

// traitsPrimary.cpp

#include <iostream>
#include <type_traits>

using namespace std;

template <typename T>
void getPrimaryTypeCategory(){

  cout << boolalpha << endl;

  cout << "is_void<T>::value: " << is_void<T>::value << endl;
  cout << "is_integral<T>::value: " << is_integral<T>::value << endl;
  cout << "is_floating_point<T>::value: " << is_floating_point<T>::value << endl;
  cout << "is_array<T>::value: " << is_array<T>::value << endl;
  cout << "is_pointer<T>::value: " << is_pointer<T>::value << endl;
  cout << "is_null_pointer<T>::value: " << is_null_pointer<T>::value << endl;
  cout << "is_member_object_pointer<T>::value: " << is_member_object_pointer<T>::value << endl;
  cout << "is_member_function_pointer<T>::value: " << is_member_function_pointer<T>::value << endl;
  cout << "is_enum<T>::value: " << is_enum<T>::value << endl;
  cout << "is_union<T>::value: " << is_union<T>::value << endl;
  cout << "is_class<T>::value: " << is_class<T>::value << endl;
  cout << "is_function<T>::value: " << is_function<T>::value << endl;
  cout << "is_lvalue_reference<T>::value: " << is_lvalue_reference<T>::value << endl;
  cout << "is_rvalue_reference<T>::value: " << is_rvalue_reference<T>::value << endl;

  cout << endl;

}

int main(){
    
    getPrimaryTypeCategory<void>();              // (1)
    getPrimaryTypeCategory<short>();             // (1)
    getPrimaryTypeCategory<double>();
    getPrimaryTypeCategory<int []>();
    getPrimaryTypeCategory<int*>();
    getPrimaryTypeCategory<std::nullptr_t>();
    struct A{
        int a;
        int f(double){return 2011;}
    };
    getPrimaryTypeCategory<int A::*>();
    getPrimaryTypeCategory<int (A::*)(double)>();
    enum E{
        e= 1,
    };
    getPrimaryTypeCategory<E>();
    union U{
      int u;
    };
    getPrimaryTypeCategory<U>();
    getPrimaryTypeCategory<string>();
    getPrimaryTypeCategory<int * (double)>();
    getPrimaryTypeCategory<int&>();              // (2)         
    getPrimaryTypeCategory<int&&>();             // (2)
    
}

I don’t want to bore you to death. Therefore, there is only the output of the line (1).

And here is the output of line (2).

Tag Dispatching

Tag dispatching enables it to choose a function based on the properties of its types. The decision takes place at compile time, and traits which I explained in the last paragraph are used.

A typical example of tag dispatching is the std::advance algorithm from the Standard Template Library. std::advance(it, n) increments the iterator it by n elements. The program shows you the key idea.

// advanceTagDispatch.cpp

#include <iterator>
#include <forward_list>
#include <list>
#include <vector>
#include <iostream>

template <typename InputIterator, typename Distance>
void advance_impl(InputIterator& i, Distance n, std::input_iterator_tag) {
	std::cout << "InputIterator used" << std::endl; 
    while (n--) ++i;
}

template <typename BidirectionalIterator, typename Distance>
void advance_impl(BidirectionalIterator& i, Distance n, std::bidirectional_iterator_tag) {
	std::cout << "BidirectionalIterator used" << std::endl;
    if (n >= 0) 
        while (n--) ++i;
    else 
        while (n++) --i;
}

template <typename RandomAccessIterator, typename Distance>
void advance_impl(RandomAccessIterator& i, Distance n, std::random_access_iterator_tag) {
	std::cout << "RandomAccessIterator used" << std::endl;
    i += n;
}

template <typename InputIterator, typename Distance>
void advance_(InputIterator& i, Distance n) {
    typename std::iterator_traits<InputIterator>::iterator_category category;    // (1)
    advance_impl(i, n, category);                                                // (2)
}
  
int main(){
    
    std::cout << std::endl;
    
    std::vector<int> myVec{0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9};
    auto myVecIt = myVec.begin();                                                // (3)
    std::cout << "*myVecIt: " << *myVecIt << std::endl;
    advance_(myVecIt, 5);
    std::cout << "*myVecIt: " << *myVecIt << std::endl;
    
    std::cout << std::endl;
    
    std::list<int> myList{0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9};
    auto myListIt = myList.begin();                                              // (4)
    std::cout << "*myListIt: " << *myListIt << std::endl;
    advance_(myListIt, 5);
    std::cout << "*myListIt: " << *myListIt << std::endl;
    
    std::cout << std::endl;
    
    std::forward_list<int> myForwardList{0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9};
    auto myForwardListIt = myForwardList.begin();                                // (5)
    std::cout << "*myForwardListIt: " << *myForwardListIt << std::endl;
    advance_(myForwardListIt, 5);
    std::cout << "*myForwardListIt: " << *myForwardListIt << std::endl;
    
    std::cout << std::endl;
    
}

The expression std::iterator_traits::iterator_category category determines the iterator category at compile time. Based on the iterator category, the most specific variable of the function advance_impl(i, n, category) is used in line (2). Each container returns an iterator of the iterator category corresponding to its structure. Therefore, line (3) gives a random access iterator, line (4) gives a bidirectional iterator, and line (5) gives a forward iterator which is also an input iterator.

This distinction makes a lot of sense from the performance point of view because a random access iterator can be faster incremented than a bidirectional iterator, and a bidirectional iterator can be faster incremented than an input iterator. From the user’s perspective, you invoke std::advance(it, 5) and get the fastest version your container satisfies.

This was quite verbose. I have not so much to add to the two remaining rules.

T.25: Avoid complimen tary constraints

The example from the guidelines shows complementary constraints.

template<typename T> 
    requires !C<T> // bad 
void f(); 

template<typename T> 
    requires C<T> 
void f();

Avoid it. Make an unconstrained template and a constrained template instead.

template<typename T>   // general template
    void f();

template<typename T>   // specialization by concept
    requires C<T>
void f();

You can even set the unconstrained version to delete so that the constrained versions are only used.

template<typename T>
void f() = delete;

T.26: Prefer to define concepts in terms of use patterns rather than simple syntax

The title for this guideline is quite vague, but the example is self-explanatory.

Instead of using the concepts has_equal and has_not_equal to define the concept Equality

template<typename T> concept Equality = has_equal<T> && has_not_equal<T>;

use the usage pattern. This is more readable than the previous version:

template<typename T> concept Equality = requires(T a, T b) {
    bool == { a == b }
    bool == { a != b }
    // axiom { !(a == b) == (a != b) }
    // axiom { a = b; => a == b }  // => means "implies"
}

In this case the concept Equality requires you to apply == and != to the arguments, and both operations return bool.

What’s next?

Here is a part of the opening from the C++ core guidelines to template interfaces: “…the interface to a template is a critical concept – a contract between a user and an implementer – and should be carefully designed.”. You see, the next post is critical.

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